Robotics Tutorials For Beginner -Brain and Sensors

Building robots is great fun, but just imagine a robot that can 'think' for its self. Adding a brain to your robot need not be a hard process, and will allow your robot to follow instructions and rules. Basically, robot brains come in two forms, analogue and digital.

ROBOTIC BRAIN

Analogue Brains

It is possible to control your robots actuators (motors etc) using 'hard wired' circuits. By making circuits from capacitors, transistors and resistors you can make robots that can follow simple rules. For example, if they hit a wall a simple switch positioned on the front of the robot would be pressed in and the robot would be able to reverse and turn, hopefully avoiding the obstacle on its next pass.

Analogue brains have their disadvantages though. They require quite a good knowledge of electronics to design, and once they are built are very difficult to change. If you want to change the behavior of your design you will probably need to totally rebuild your analogue brain.

Analogue circuits are generally not recommended for beginners in electronics or robotics.

Luckily for experimental roboticists there is another option: Digital Brains

Digital Brains

Devices called micro controllers make perfect 'brains' for robots. They are small computers on a single chip, containing their own memory and processor, and can be programmed by a PC to control your robot in any way you can imagine.

What makes micro controllers so good is that they can be re programmed again and again with just a click of a mouse. There is no need to get the soldering iron out and start messing with components like analogue circuits.

Programming these chips is fairly easy to learn, but may take a bit of patience to fully understand. Learning to program by sticking your head in a textbook and trying to memorize programs is a very slow and boring way to learn. By far the easiest way to master programming is to have a go, work through a few tutorials and try out some examples. By playing about and trying ideas you'll soon get an understanding of how programs work, and how you can write your own

SENSORS

The world we live in is a complex place. We have many senses to help us to understand our surroundings. In order to safely move around robots also need some way of understanding their world. The easiest way of doing this is to add simple sensors to you robot.

Bump Sensor:

So, you've fitted some motors to your robot and its happily driving around but it probably keeps colliding with obstacles and getting stuck. You need a way for your robot to detect collisions and move around objects. Enter the humble bump sensor:

A bump sensor is probably one of the easiest ways of letting your robot know it's collided with something. The simplest way to do this is to fix a micro switch to the front of your robot in a way so that when it collides the switch will get pushed in, making an electrical connection. Normally the switch will be held open by an internal spring.

Micro switches are easy to connect to micro controllers because they are either off or on, making them digital. All micro controllers are digital, so this is a match made in heaven. Micro switch 'bump' sensors are easily connected to the Robocore, simply plug them into any free digital socket and away you go.

The following diagram shows a typical circuit for a micro switch bump sensor. The resistor is important because it holds the signal line at ground while the switch is off. Without it the signal line is effectively 'floating' because there is nothing connected to it, and may cause unreliable readings as the processor tries to decide if the line is on or off.

Light Sensor:

Light sensors are perfect for making your robot more interesting. With some light sensors you can make your robot follow a light, hide in the dark or even turn on some funky headlights if the light level got a bit low (under a table for example).

Light sensors are basically resistors that change their value according to how much light is shining onto them.

They are easy to connect to the Robocore, with a simple circuit they can be plugged straight into a free analogue socket. Getting results from them can't be simpler. Get the processor to take a reading from the socket that the sensors connected to. A high value means not much light is falling on the sensor; a low value means a lot of light is falling on the sensor.

Motors are one of the most common methods used to move robots around. They can be connected to gears and wheels and are a perfect way of adding mobility to your robot. There are many types of motor, and this tutorial will cover the main ones useful for robotics.

DC Motors:

These are the most common and easy to use motor available. They are connected to a power supply by two wires. The direction of the motor shaft rotates can be changed by reversing the polarity (swap the positive and negative wires) of the motor supply voltage.

Unfortunately motors use quite a bit of current, so you cant just plug them straight into your processor and expect them to work, the processor won't be able to supply the motor with enough current. We need to find a way of turning the motors on and off using the processor. This can be done by many methods, including transistors, relays or a motor driver chip. The Robocore contains two motor driver chips that can control up to 4 DC motors simultaneously. Connecting motors to the Robocore couldn't be simpler. Just connect the 2 wires of each motor to one of the motor outputs on the Robocore and your ready to go. The motor is controlled by 2 output pins on the processor, lets say pin 1 and pin 2. The motors direction can be changed by different outputs of the pins. See table below

Pin 1 Pin 2 Motor Output

On Off Clockwise

Off On Anti-Clockwise

Off Off Motor Off

For help programming the chip to do this have a look at the motor programming guide.

Servo Motors:

Servo motors are perfect control motors, They can be told to rotate to a specific position, making them ideal for anything that requires precision movement. Most servo motors can rotate through about 90 to 180 degrees, some rotate through a full 360 degrees. Servo's however, are unable to continually rotate, meaning they can't be used for driving wheels, but their precision movement makes them ideal for powering legs, controlling rack and pinion steering and much more.

Servo motors are totally self contained. They contain a motor, gearbox and driver electronics, meaning they can be controlled directly from a microcontroller, without the need for interface electronics. The picture to the left shows the inside of a servo. You can see the gears, motor and control circuitry.

Servos have 3 wires connected to them. 2 are for the power supply, usually between about 5 and 7 volts. The third wire is the control wire, which can be connected directly to the processor or micro controller (or an output of the Robocore). The position the servo rotates to can be controlled by sending pulses of electricity to the servo. Changing the delay between pulses directly controls the servos position.

If you want to learn more about servo motors take a look at the intermediate section of the tutorials.

Stepper Motors:

Stepper motors work in a similar way to dc motors, but where dc motors have 1 electromagnetic coil to produce movement, stepper motors contain many. Stepper motors are controlled by turning each coil on and off in a sequence. Every time a new coil is energized, the motor rotates a few degrees, called the step angle. Repeating the sequence causes the motor to move a few more degrees and so on, resulting in a constant rotation of the motor shaft. For example, a stepper motor with a step angle of 7.5 degrees requires 48 pulses for a complete revolution, or 96 pulses for 2 complete revolutions.


The diagram below shows how a stepper motor works. The magnet in the middle of the arrangement is connected to the motor shaft and produces the rotation. The 4 magnets around the outside represent each coil of the stepper motor. As different coils are energized the central magnet is pulled in different directions. By applying the correct sequence of pulses to the coils the motor can be made to rotate.



This design gives stepper motors the upper hand over DC motors. Varying the speed of the input sequence can exactly control the speed of the motor. Also, by keeping count of the sequence the motor can be made to rotate any number of times to any position

Robot Timeline - Robot History

Hey Friends it is generally said if u wana build the future u should know about the past.

So, here i present you the clear History of Robotics and who made it...

Imagining Robots
(c270 B.C.-1949)
270 BC: Ctesibius, a Greek physicist and inventor makes organs and water clocks with movable figures.

1495: The anthrobot, a mechanical man, is designed by Leonardo da Vinci.

1540: A mandolin-playing lady is created by Italian inventor Gianello Torriano.

1772: Swiss inventors Pierre and Henri Jacquet-Droz build a robotic child called L'Ecrivain (The Writer). It could write messages with up to 40 characters. L'Ecrivain's brain was a mechanical computer. A piano-playing robotic woman is also built at this time.

1801: Joseph Jacquard invents a textile machine called a programmable loom. It is operated by punch cards.

1818: Mary Shelley writes "Frankenstein" about a frightening artificial life form created by Dr. Frankenstein.

1830: American Christopher Spencer designs a cam-operated lathe.

1890's: Nikola Tesla designs the first remote control vehicles. He is also known for his invention of the radio, induction motors, Tesla coils.


1892: In the United States, Seward Babbitt designs a motorized crane with gripper to remove ingots from a furnace.

1921: The first reference to the word robot appears in a play opening in London, entitled Rossum's Universal Robots. The word robot comes from the Czech word, robota, which means drudgery or slave-like labor. Czech playwright Karel Capek first used this term when describing robots that helped people with simple, repetitive tasks. Unfortunately, when the robots in the story were used in battle, they turn against their human owners and take over the world.

1938: Americans Willard Pollard and Harold Roselund design a programmable paint-spraying mechanism for the DeVilbiss Company.

1940's: Grey Walters creates an early robot called Elsie the tortoise, or Machina speculatrix.

1941: Science fiction writer Isaac Asimov first uses the word "robotics" to describe the technology of robots and predicts the rise of a powerful robot industry.

1942: Asimov writes a story about robots, Runaround, which contains the "Three laws of robotics".

1946: George Devol patents a general purpose playback device for controlling machines. It uses a magnetic process recorder. American scientists J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly build the first large electronic computer called the Eniac at the University Pennsylvania. The second computer, the Whirlwind, solves a problem at M.I.T. The Whirlwind is the first general-purpose digital computer.

1948: Norbert Wiener, a professor at M.I.T., publishes his book, Cybernetics, which describes the concept of communications and control in electronic, mechanical, and biological systems.

The Birth of the Industrial Robot
(1950-1979)

1951: A teleoperator-equipped articulated arm is designed by Raymond Goertz for the Atomic Energy Commission.

1954: The first programmable robot is designed by George Devol. He coins the term Universal Automation.

1956: Devol and engineer Joseph Engelberger form the world�s first robot company, Unimation.

1959: Computer-assisted manufacturing was demonstrated at the Servomechanisms Lab at MIT. Planet Corporation markets the first commercially available robot.

1960's: Johns Hopkins creates the beast. It is controlled by hundreds of transistors and able to seek out photocell outlets when its battery runs low.

1960: The General Electric Walking Truck was a 3,000 pound, four-legged robot that could walk four miles an hour. It was powered by a computer. Ralph Moser developed the machine.

1960: Unimation is purchased by Condec Corporation and development of Unimate Robot Systems begins. American Machine and Foundry, later known as AMF Corporation, markets a robot, called the Versatran, designed by Harry Johnson and Veljko Milenkovic.

1961: The first industrial robot was online in a General Motors automobile factory in New Jersey. It was Devol and Engelberger's UNIMATE. It performed spot welding and extracted die castings.

1963: The first artificial robotic arm to be controlled by a computer was designed. The Rancho Arm was designed as a tool for the handicapped and its six joints gave it the flexibility of a human arm.

1964: Artificial intelligence research laboratories are opened at M.I.T., Stanford Research Institute (SRI), Stanford University, and the University of Edinburgh.

1965: DENDRAL was the first expert system or program designed to execute the accumulated knowledge of subject experts.

1968: The octopus-like Tentacle Arm was developed by Marvin Minsky.

1969: The Stanford Arm was the first electrically powered, computer-controlled robot arm.

1970: Shakey was introduced as the first mobile robot controlled by artificial intelligence. SRI International in California produced this small box on wheels that used memory to solve problems and navigate. At Stanford University a robot arm is developed which becomes a standard for research projects. The arm is electrically powered and becomes known as the Stanford Arm.

1970's: Scientists at Edinburgh University create the Freddy robot, taking steps in hand-eye coordination technology. This first assembly robot constructed a toy boat and car from a heap of mixed parts tipped onto a table.

1973: The first commercially available minicomputer-controlled industrial robot is developed by Richard Hohn for Cincinnati Milacron Corporation. The robot is called the T3, The Tomorrow Tool.

1974: A robotic arm (the Silver Arm) that performed small-parts assembly using feedback from touch and pressure sensors was designed. Professor Scheinman, the developer of the Stanford Arm, forms Vicarm Inc. to market a version of the arm for industrial applications. The new arm is controlled by a minicomputer.

1976: Robot arms are used on Viking 1 and 2 space probes. Vicarm Inc. incorporates a microcomputer into the Vicarm design.

1977: ASEA, a European robot company, offers two sizes of electric powered industrial robots. Both robots use a microcomputer controller for programming and operation. Unimation purchases Vicarm Inc. during this year.

1978: Vicarm, Unimation creates the PUMA (Programmable Universal Machine for Assembly) robot with support from General Motors. Many research labs still use this assembly robot.

1979: The Standford Cart crosses a chair-filled room without human assistance. The cart is equipped with a television camera mounted on a rail that takes pictures and relays them to a computer so that distances can be analyzed.

The Robotic Age Takes Off
(1980-Present)

1980: The robot industry starts its rapid growth, with a new robot or company entering the market every month.

1983: The Remote Reconnaissance Vehicle became the first vehicle to enter the basement of Three Mile Island after a meltdown in March 1979. This vehicle worked four years to survey and clean up the flooded basement.

1984: The CoreSampler drilled core samples from the walls of the Three Mile Island basement to determine the depth and severity of radioactive material that soaked into the concrete.

1984: The Terregator pioneered exploration, road following and mine mapping. It was the world's first rugged, capable, autonomous outdoor navigation robot.

1985: REX was the world's first autonomous digging machine. It sensed and planned to excavate without damaging buried gas pipes. This robot used a hypersonic air knife to erode soil around pipes.

1986: The Remote Work Vehicle was developed for a broad agenda of clean-up operations like washing contaminated surfaces, removing sediments, demolishing radiated structures, applying surface treatments, and packaging and transporting materials.

1986: NavLab I pioneered high performance outdoor navigation. NavLab deployed racks of computers, laser scanners, and color cameras providing cutting-edge perception in its time.

1988: The Pipe Mapping computes magnetic and radar data over a dense grid to infer the depth and location of buried pipes. This outperforms hand-held pipe detectors.

1988: The Locomotion featured a chassis that steers and propels all wheels so that it can spin, drive, or spin while driving. Its software can emulate a tank, car or any other wheeled machine.

1990: The Ambler was a walking robot that enables energy-efficient overlapping gaits. Developed as a testbed for research in walking robots operating in rugged terrain.

1992: Neptune articulates magnetic tracks to roam the interiors of fuel storage tanks. It evaluates deterioration in floors and walls using acoustic navigation and corrosion sensing.

1992: Dante I rappels mountain sides using a spherical laser scanner and foot sensors. It entered the crater of Antarctica's Mt. Erebus but did not reach the lava lake.

1992: NavLab II was the automated HUMMER that pioneered trinocular vision, WARP computing, and sensor fusion to navigate offroad terrain.

1993: Demeter autonomously mows hay and alphalpa. It navigates with GPS and uses camera vision to differentiate cut and uncut crops.

1994: The Dante II, build by CMU Robotics, samples volcanic gases from the Mt. Spurr volcano in Alaska.

1997: NASA�s PathFinder lands on Mars and the Sojourner rover robot captures images.

2000: Humanoid robots, Honda Asimo, Sony Dream Robots (SDR), and the Aibo robot dog are showcased.

2004: The humanoid, Robosapien is created by US robotics physicist and BEAM expert, Dr. Mark W Tilden.